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` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b hybrid coupler 3 db, 90 description the X3C09P1-03S is a low profile, high performance 3db hybrid coupler in a new easy to use, manufacturing friendly surface mount package. it is designed for amps, gsm, wcdma and lte band applications. the X3C09P1-03S is designed particularly for balanced power and low noise amplifiers, plus signal distribution and other applications where low insertion loss and tight amplitude and phase balance is required. it can be used in high power applications up to 110 watts. parts have been subjected to rigorous qualification testing and they are manufactured using materials with coefficients of thermal expansion (cte) compatible with common substrates such as fr4, g-10, rf-35, ro4003 and polyimide. produced with 6 of 6 rohs compliant tin immersion finish. electrical specifications ** frequency isolation insertion loss vswr amplitude balance mhz db min db max max : 1 db max 800-1000 23 0.22 1.15 0.20 869-894 25 0.14 1.12 0.14 925-960 25 0.14 1.12 0.14 phase power jc operating temp. degrees avg. cw watts oc/watt oc 90 4.0 90 18.9 -55 to +95 90 2.0 110 18.9 -55 to +95 features: ? 800-1000 mhz ? amps, gsm, wcdma & lte ? high power ? very low loss ? tight amplitude balance ? high isolation ? production friendly ? tape and reel ? lead-free 90 2.0 110 18.9 -55 to +95 **specification based on performance of unit proper ly installed on anaren test board 54147-0001 with small signal applied. specifications subjec t to change without notice. refer to parameter definitions for details. mechanical outline
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. hybrid coupler pin configuration the X3C09P1-03S has an orientation marker to denote pin 1. once port one has been identified the other ports are known automatically. please see the chart below for clarification: configuration pin 1 pin 2 pin 3 pin 4 splitter input isolated -3db 90 ? -3db splitter isolated input -3db -3db 90 ? splitter -3db 90 ? -3db input isolated splitter -3db -3db 90 ? isolated input *combiner a 90 ? a isolated output *combiner a a 90 ? output isolated *combiner isolated output a 90 ? a *combiner output isolated a a 90 ? *notes: ?a? is the amplitude of the applied signals. when two quadrature signals with equal amplitudes are applied to the coupler as described in the table, they will combine at the output port. if the amplitudes are not equal, some of the applied energy will be directed to the isolated port. the actual phase, , or amplitude at a given frequency for all ports, can be seen in our de-embedded s- parameters, that can be downloaded at www.anaren.com .
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b insertion loss and power derating curves typical insertion loss derating curve for x3c09p1-03 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 temperature of the part ( o c) insertion loss (db) typical insertion loss (f=894mhz) typical insertion loss (f=960mhz) typical insertion loss (f=1000mhz) typical insertion loss (f=800mhz) x3c09p1-03 power derating curve 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 mounting interface temperature ( o c) power (watts) 894mhz & 960mhz band 800mhz & 1000mhz band 110 90 insertion loss derating: the insertion loss, at a given frequency, of a group of couplers is measured at 25 c and then averaged. the measurements are performed under small signal conditions (i.e. using a vector network analyzer). the process is repeated at 85 c and 150 c. a best-fit line for the measured data is computed and then plotted from -55 c to 150 c. power derating: the power handling and corresponding power derating plots are a function of the thermal resistance, mounting surface temperature (base plate temperature), maximum continuous operating temperature of the coupler, and the thermal insertion loss. the thermal insertion loss is defined in the power handling section of the data sheet. as the mounting interface temperature approaches the maximum continuous operating temperature, the power handling decreases to zero. if mounting temperature is greater than 95 c, xinger coupler will perform reliably as long as the input power is derated to the curve above.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. typical performance (-55c, 25c & 95c): 800-1000 mhz
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b typical performance (-55c, 25c & 95c): 800-1000 mhz
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. definition of measured specifications parameter definition mathematical representation vswr (voltage standing wave ratio) the impedance match of the coupler to a 50 system. a vswr of 1:1 is optimal. vswr = min max v v vmax = voltage maxima of a standing wave vmin = voltage minima of a standing wave return loss the impedance match of the coupler to a 50 system. return loss is an alternate means to express vswr. return loss (db)= 20log 1-vsw r 1vswr + insertion loss the input power divided by the sum of the power at the two output ports. insertion loss(db)= 10log direct cpl in pp p + isolation the input power divided by the power at the isolated port. isolation(db)= 10log iso in p p phase balance the difference in phase angle between the two output ports. phase at coupled port ? phase at direct port amplitude balance the power at each output divided by the average power of the two outputs. 10log ? ? ? ? ? ? + 2 pp p direct cpl cpl and 10log ? ? ? ? ? ? + 2 pp p direct cpl direct
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b notes on rf testing and circuit layout the X3C09P1-03S surface mount couplers require the use of a test fixture for verification of rf performance. this test fixture is designed to evaluate the coupler in t he same environment that is recommended for installation. enclosed inside the test fixture, is a circuit board that is fabricated using the recommended footprint. the part being tested is placed into the test fixture and pressure is applie d to the top of the device using a pneumatic piston. a four port vector network analyzer is connected to the fixture and is used to measure the s- parameters of the part. worst case values for each parameter are found and compared to th e specification. these worst ca se values are reported to the test equipment operator along with a pass or fail flag. see the illustrations below. 3 db and 5db test board test board in fixture test station
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model X3C09P1-03S rev b the effects of the test fixture on the measured data must be minimized in order to accurately determine the performance of the device under test. if t he line impedance is anything other than 50 and/or there is a discontinuity at the microstrip to sma interface, there will be errors in the data for the device under test. the test environment can never be ?perfect?, but the procedure used to build and evaluate the test boards (outlined below) demonstrates an attempt to minimize the errors associated with testi ng these devices. the lower the signal level that is being measured, the more impact the fixtur e errors will have on the data. para meters such as return loss and isolation/directivity, which are specifi ed as low as 27db and typically measure at much lower levels, will present the greatest measurement challenge. the test fixture errors introduce an uncertainty to the meas ured data. fixture errors can make the performance of the device under test look better or worse than it actually is. fo r example, if a device has a known return loss of 30db and a discontinuity with a magnitude of ?35db is introduced in to the measurement path, t he new measured return loss data could read anywhere between ?26db and ?37db. this sa me discontinuity could introduce an insertion phase error of up to 1 . there are different techniques used throughout the industr y to minimize the affects of the test fixture on the measurement data. anaren uses the fo llowing design and de-embedding criteria: ? test boards have been designed and parameters s pecified to provide trace impedances of 50 1 . furthermore, discontinuities at the sma to micr ostrip interface are required to be less than ?35db and insertion phase errors (due to differenc es in the connector interface discontinuities and the electrical line length) should be less than 0.50 from the median value of the four paths. ? a ?thru? circuit board is built. this is a two port, microstrip board that uses the same sma to microstrip interface and has the same total length (insertion phase) as the actual test board. the ?thru? board must meet the same stringent re quirements as the test board. the insertion loss and insertion phase of the ?thru? board are measured and stored. this data is used to completely de-embed the device under test from the test fixture. the de-embedded data is available in s-parameter form on the anaren website (www.anaren.com). note : the s-parameter files that are available on the ana ren.com website include data for frequencies that are outside of the specified band. it is impor tant to note that the test fixture is designed for optimum performance through 2.3ghz. some degradation in the test fixture performanc e will occur above this frequency and connector interface discontinuities of ?25db or more can be expected. this larger discontinuity will affect the data at frequencies above 2.3ghz. circuit board layout the dimensions for the anaren test board are shown below. the test board is printed on rogers ro4003 material that is 0.032? thick. consider the case when a different material is us ed. first, the pad size must remain the same to accommodate the part. but, if the material thickness or diel ectric constant (or both) ch anges, the reactance at the interface to the coupler will also change. second, the linewidth required for 50 will be different and this will introduce a step in the line at the pad where the coupl er interfaces with the printed microstrip trace. both of these conditions will affect the performance of the part. to achieve the specified performance, serious attention must be given to the design and layout of the circuit environment in which this component will be used. if a different circuit board material is used, an attempt should be made to achieve the same interface pad reactance that is present on the anaren ro4003 test board. when thi nner circuit board material is used, the ground plane will be closer to the pad yielding more capacitance for the same size interface pad. the same is true if the dielectric constant of the circuit board material is higher than is used on the anaren test board. in both of these cases, narrowing the line before the interface pad will introduce a series inductance, which, when properly tuned, will compensate for the extra capacitive reactance. if a thicker circ uit board or one with a lower dielectric constant is used,
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b the interface pad will have less capacitive reactance than the anaren test board. in this case, a wider section of line before the interface pad (or a larger interface pad) will in troduce a shunt capacitance and when properly tuned will match the performance of the anaren test board. notice that the board layout for the 3db and 5db couplers is different from that of the 10db and 20db couplers. the test board for the 3db and 5db couplers has all four traces interfacing with the coupler at the same angle. the test board for the 10db and 20db couplers has two traces approachi ng at one angle and the other two traces at a different angle. the entry angle of the traces has a significant impact on the rf performance and these parts have been optimized for the layout used on the test boards shown below. 3 db and 5db test board testing sample parts supplied on anaren test boards if you have received a coupler installed on an anaren produced mi crostrip test board, please remember to remove the loss of the test board from the measured data. the loss is small enough that it is not of concern for return loss and isolation/directivity, but it should ce rtainly be considered when measuring coup ling and calculating the insertion loss of the coupler. an s-parameter file for a ?thru? board (see description of ?thru? boar d above) will be supplied upon request. as a first order approximation, one s hould consider the following loss estimates: frequency band avg. ins. loss of test board @ 25 c 869-894 mhz ~0.064db 925-960 mhz ~0.068db 1805-1880 mhz ~0.119db 1930-1990 mhz ~0.126db 2110-2170 mhz ~0.136db the loss estimates in the table above come from room temp erature measurements. it is important to note that the loss of the test board will change with temperature. this fact must be considered if the coupler is to be evaluated at other temperatures.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. peak power handling high-pot testing of these couplers during the qualification procedure result ed in a minimum breakdown voltage of 1.46kv (minimum recorded value). this voltage level corresponds to a breakdown resistance capable of handling at least 12db peaks over average power levels, for very short durations. the breakdown location consistently occurred across the air interface at the coupler contact pads (see illu stration below). the breakdown levels at these points will be affected by any contamination in the gap area around th ese pads. these areas must be kept clean for optimum performance. it is recommended that the user test for voltage breakdown under the maximum operating conditions and over worst case modulation induced power peaking. this evaluation should also include extreme environmental conditions (such as high humidity). orientation marker a printed circular feature appears on t he top surface of the coupler to designate pin 1. this orientation marker is not intended to limit the use of the symmetry that these couplers exhibit but rather to facilitate consistent placement of these parts into the tape and reel package. this ensures that the components are always delivered with the same orientation. refer to the table on page 2 of t he data sheet for allowable pin configurations. test plan xinger iii couplers are manufactured in large panels and then separated. all parts are rf small signal tested and dc tested for shorts/opens at room temperature in the fixt ure described above . (see ?qualific ation flow chart? section for details on the accelerated life test procedures.)
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b power handling the average power handling (total input powe r) of a xinger coupler is a function of: ? internal circuit temperature. ? unit mounting interface temperature. ? unit thermal resistance ? power dissipated within the unit. all thermal calculations are based on the following assumptions: ? the unit has reached a steady state operating condition. ? maximum mounting interface temperature is 95 o c. ? conduction heat transfer through the mounting interface. ? no convection heat transfer. ? no radiation heat transfer. ? the material properties are constant over the operating temperature range. finite element simulations are made for each unit. t he simulation results are used to calculate the unit thermal resistance. the finite element simulation requires the following inputs: ? unit material stack-up. ? material properties. ? circuit geometry. ? mounting interface temperature. ? thermal load (dissipated power). the classical definition for dissip ated power is temperature delta ( t) divided by thermal resistance (r). the dissipated power (p dis ) can also be calculated as a function of the total input power (p in ) and the thermal insertion loss (il therm ): )( 101 10 w p r t p therm il in dis ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??= = ? (1) power flow and nomenclature for an ?x? style coupler is shown in figure 1.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. pin 1 pin 4 input port coupled port direct port isolated port p in p out (rl) p out (iso) p out (cpl) p out (dc) figure 1 the coupler is excited at the input port with p in (watts) of power. assuming the coupler is not ideal, and that there are no radiation losses, power will exit the coupler at all four port s. symbolically written, p out(rl) is the power that is returned to the source because of impedance mismatch, p out(iso) is the power at the isolated port, p out(cpl) is the power at the coupled port, and p out(dc) is the power at the direct port. at anaren, insertion loss is defined as the log of the input power divided by the sum of the power at the coupled and direct ports: note: in this document, insertion loss is taken to be a positi ve number. in many places, insertion loss is written as a negative number. obviously, a mere sign change equates the two quantities. )db( pp p log10il )dc(out)cpl(out in 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ?= (2) in terms of s-parameters, il can be computed as follows: )db(sslog10il 2 41 2 31 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? + ??= (3) we notice that this insertion loss value includes the power lost because of return loss as well as power lost to the isolated port. for thermal calculations, we are only interested in the power lost ?inside? the coupler. since p out(rl) is lost in the source termination and p out(iso) is lost in an external termination, they are not be included in the insertion loss for thermal calculations. therefore, we define a new insertion loss value solely to be used for thermal calculations:
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b )( log10 )()()()( 10 db pppp p il rlout isoout dcout cplout in therm ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? +++ ?= (4) in terms of s-parameters, il therm can be computed as follows: )( log10 2 41 2 31 2 21 2 11 10 db ssss il therm ? ? ? ? ? ? +++ ??= (5) the thermal resistance and power dissipated within the unit are then used to calculate the average total input power of the unit. the average total steady state input power (p in ) therefore is: )( 101 101 10 10 w r t p p therm therm il il dis in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? (6) where the temperature delta is the circuit temperature (t circ ) minus the mounting interface temperature (t mnt ): )( cttt o mnt circ ?= (7) the maximum allowable circuit temperature is defined by the properties of the materials used to construct the unit. multiple material combinations and b onding techniques are used within the xinger iii produc t family to optimize rf performance. consequently the maximum allowable circui t temperature varies. please note that the circuit temperature is not a function of the xinger case (top surface) temperature. therefore, the case temperature cannot be used as a boundary condition for power handling calculations. due to the numerous board materials and mounting configuratio ns used in specific customer configurations, it is the end users responsibility to ensure that the xinger iii coupler mounti ng interface temperature is maintained within the limits defined on the power derating plots for the required average power handling. additionally appropriate solder composition is required to prevent reflow or fatigue failure at the rf ports. finally, reliability is improved when the mounting interface and rf port temperatures are kept to a minimum. the power-derating curve illustra tes how change s in the mounting interface temper ature result in converse changes of the power handling of the coupler.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. mounting in order for xinger surface mount couplers to work optimally, there must be 50 ? transmission lines leading to and from all of the rf ports. also, there must be a very good ground plane underneath the part to ensure proper electrical performance. if either of these two conditions is not satisfied, electrical performance may not meet published specifications. overall ground is improved if a dense population of plated through holes connect the top and bottom ground layers of the pcb. this minimizes ground inductance and improves ground continuity. all of the xinger hybrid and directional couplers are constructed from ceramic filled ptfe composites which possess excellent electrical and mechanical stability having x and y thermal coefficient of expansion (cte) of 17-25 ppm/ o c. when a surface mount hybrid coupler is mounted to a printed circuit board, the prim ary concerns are; ensuring the rf pads of the device are in contact with the circuit trace of the pcb and insuring the ground plane of neither the component nor the pcb is in contact with the rf signal. mounting footprint coupler mounting process the process for assembling this component is a conventional surface mount process as shown in figure 1. this process is conducive to both low and high volume usage. figure 1: surface mounting process steps storage of components: the xinger iii products are available in either an immersion tin or tin-lead finish. commonly used storage procedures used to control oxidation should be followed for these surface mount components. the storage temperatures should be held between 15 o c and 60 o c. substrate: depending upon the particular component, the circuit material has an x and y coefficient of thermal expansion of between 17 and 25 ppm/c. this coefficient minimizes solder joint stresses due to similar expansion rates of most commonly used board substrates such as rf35, ro4003, fr4, polyimide and g-10 materials. mounting to ?hard? substrates (alumina etc.) is possible depending upon operational temperature requirements. the solder surfaces of the coupler are all copper plated with either an immersion tin or tin-lead exterior finish. solder paste: all conventional solder paste formulations will work well with anaren?s xinger iii surface mount components. solder paste can be applied with stencils or syringe dispensers. an example of a stenciled solder paste deposit is shown in figure 2. as shown in the figure solder paste is applied to the four rf pads and the entire ground plane underneath the body of the part.
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b figure 2: solder paste application coupler positioning: the surface mount coupler can be placed manually or with automatic pick and place mechanisms. couplers should be placed (see figure 3 and 4) onto wet paste with common surface mount techniques and parameters. pick and place systems must supply adequate vacuum to hold a 0.106 gram coupler. figure 3: component placement figure 4: mounting features example reflow: the surface mount coupler is conducive to most of today?s conventional reflow methods. a low and high temperature thermal reflow profile are shown in figures 5 and 6, respectively. manual soldering of these components can be done with conventional surface mount non-contact hot air soldering tools. board pre-heating is highly recommended for these selective hot air soldering methods. manual soldering with conventional irons should be avoided.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. figure 5 ? low temperature solder reflow thermal profile figure 6 ? high temperature solder reflow thermal profile
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b qualification flow chart xinger iii product qualification visual inspection n=55 solderability test n= 5 mechanical inspectio n n=50 initial rf test n=50 visual inspection n = 50 v- tek testi ng n=45 visual inspection n=50 post v-tek test rf test n=50 visual inspection n= 50 solder units to test board n=25 post solder visual inspection n=25 visual inspection n=25 rf test at -55c, 25c, 95c n=20 initial rf test board mounted n=25 visual inspection n=25 post resistance heat rf test n=20 mechanical inspection n=20 voltage breakdown test mil 202f, method 301 25c 5kv n=40 visual inspection n= 50 control units rf test 25c only n=5 loose control units n= 5 resistance to solder mil 202g method 210f, condition k heat n=20 loose control units n=5 control units n= 5 loose control units n = 5
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. contr ol u nits n = 10 post voltage rf test n=50 therm al cycle100 cycles -55 to 125c. dwell time= 30 min n=40 visual inspection n=50 control units n=10 visual inspection n=50 bake units for 1 hour at 100 to 120c n=40 125% power life test 72 hrs n= 3 post bake rf test n=50 visual inspection n=30 microsection 3 test units 1 control final rf test @ 25c n=2 5 microsection 2 life, 1 high power and 1 control p ost mois ture resi stanc e rf test n=50 post thermal rf test n=50 m o is ture resi stanc e testi ng -25 to 65 c fo r 2 hrs @ 90% humidity. soak for 168 hrs at 90% to 85% humidity. ramp temp to 25c in 2 hrs @ 90% humidity. then soak @ -10c for 3 hrs. n=40 p ost mois ture resi stanc e rf test n=50 control units n = 10
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b application information the X3C09P1-03S is an ?x? style 3db (hybrid) coupler. port configurations are defined in the table on page 2 of this data sheet and an example driving port 1 is shown below. ideal 3db coupler splitter operation 1 2 1v 0.707v ( -3db ) 0.707v -90 ( -3db ) isolated port 4 3 the hybrid coupler can also be used to combine two signals that are applied with equal amplitudes and phase quadrature (90o phase difference). an example of this function is illustrated below. ideal 3db coupler combiner operation 1 2 1v 0.707v ? 0.707v ? -90 isolated port 4 3 3db couplers have applications in circui ts which require splitting an applied signal into 2, 4, 8 and higher binary outputs. the couplers can also be used to combine multiple signals (inputs) at one output port. some splitting and combining schemes are illustrated below:
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. 2-way splitter for doherty power amplifer hybrid coupler can be used in doherty power amplifier to split the input power into the desired power ratio and phase delay. in above symmetrical doherty power am plifier (main and peaking amplifier delivers equal amount output power at max drive condition), 3db hybrid splits the input power into 1:1 ratio with 90 degree phase difference. when the peaking amplifier is off, or when peaking amplifier is dramatica lly different than ma in amplifier due to bias, matching, difference between transistors, t he 3db hybrid coupler does not see equally unmatched termination, the mismatch is then reflected not only to isolated port, but also shows up at input port as return loss mismatch. 5db hybrid splits the input power into 1:2 ratio wi th 90 degree phase difference. it can be used in asymmetrical (1:2) doherty power amplifier architecture as splitter. 5db hybrid is also used in some symmetrical doherty power amplifier to compensate the gain difference between main and peaking amplifiers. it is worth noting that 3db and 5db hybrid re act differently to the termination mismatch, resulting in different return loss at input port. 2-way splitter/combiner network amplitude and phase tracking devices * 50 termination * 50 termination output input
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b 4-way splitter/combiner network output * 50 termination * 50 termination input amplitude and phase tracking devices amplitude and phase tracking devices * 50 termination * 50 termination * 50 term. * 50 term. the splitter/combiner networks illustrated above use only 3db (hybrid) couplers and are limited to binary divisions (2 number of splits, where n is an integer). splitter/combiner circuits configured this way are known as ?corporate? networks. when a non-binary number of divisions is required, a ?serial? network must be used. serial networks can be designed with [3, 4, 5, ?.., n] splits, but have a practical limitation of about 8 splits. n a 5db coupler is used in conjunction with a 3db coupler to build 3-way splitter/combiner networks. an ideal version of this network is illustrated below. note w hat is required; a 50% split (i.e. 3db coup ler) and a 66% and 33% split (which is actually a 4.77db coupler, but due to loss es in the system, higher coupler values, such as 5db, are actually better suited for this function). the design of this type of circuit requires special attention to the losses and phase lengths of the components and the interconnecting lines. a more in depth look at serial networks can be found in the article ?designing in-line divider/combiner networks? by dr. samir tozin, which describes the circuit design in detail and can be found in the white papers section of the anaren websit e, www.anaren.com. 3-way splitter/combiner 1/3 pin 2/3 pin 1/3 pin 1/3 pin g = 1 g = 1 g = 1 pout 2/3 pin pin 1/3 pin 1/3 pin 1/3 pin 5 db (4.77) coupler 3 db coupler 3 db coupler 5 db (4.77) coupler * 50 termination * 50 termination * 50 termination * 50 termination *recommended terminations power (watts) model 8 rfp- 060120a15z50-2 10 rfp- c10a50z4 16 rfp- c16a50z4 20 rfp- c20n50z4 50 rfp- c50a50z4 100 rfp- c100n50z4 200 rfp- c200n50z4
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. reflections from equal unmatched terminations referring to the illustration below, consider the following re flection properties of the 3db coupler. a signal applied to port 1 is split and appears at the two output ports, ports 3 & 4, with equal amplitude and in phase quadrature. if ports 3 & 4 are not perfectly matched to 50 ? there will be some signal reflected back into the coupler. if the magnitude and angle of these reflections are equal, there will be two signals that are equal in amplitude and in phase quadrature (i.e. the reflected signals) being applied to ports 3 & 4 as inputs . these reflected signals will combine at the isolated port and will cancel at the input port. so, terminations with the same mismatch placed at the outputs of the 3db coupler will not reflect back to the input port and therefore will not affect input return loss. = 0 0 zz zz l l 1 2 1v 0.707v ? t ( -3db ) 0.707v ? t -90 ( -3db ) isolated port 4 3 termination = z l 0.707v ?t -90 0.707v ?t | (0.5v ? 2 t -90 + 0.5v ? 2 t -90)| = | | (0.5v ? 2 t + 0.5v ? 2 t -180) = 0v termination = z l the reflection property of common mismatches in 3db couple rs is very beneficial to the operation of many networks. for instance, when splitter/combiner networks are employed to increase output power by paralleling transistors with similar reflection coefficients, input return loss is not degr aded by the match of the transistor circuit. the reflections from the transistor circuits are direct ed away from the input to the terminatio n at the isolated port of the coupler. this example is not limited to power amp lifiers. in the case of low noise amplifie rs (lna?s), the reflection property of 3db couplers is again beneficial. the transistor devices us ed in lna?s will present different reflection coefficients depending on the bias level. the bias level that yields th e best noise performance does not also provide the best match to 50 ? . a circuit that is optimized for both noise perfor mance and return loss can be achieved by combining two matched lna transistor devices using 3db couplers. th e devices can be biased for the best noise performance and the reflection property of the couplers will provide a good match as described above. an example of this circuit is illustrated below: lna circuit leveraging the reflection property of 3db couplers amplitude and phase tracking lna devices biased for o p timum noise p erformance 50 : termination 50: termination output input energy reflected from lna devices biased for optimum noise p erformance
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b signal control circuits utilizing 3db couplers variable attenuators and phase shifter are two examples of signal control circuits that can be built using 3db couplers. both of these circuits also use the reflection property of the 3db coupler as described above. in the variable attenuator circuit, the two output ports of a 3db coupler are terminat ed with pin diodes, which are basically a voltage variable resistor at rf frequencies (consult the literature on pin di odes for a more complete equivalent circuit). by changing the resistance at the output po rts of the 3db coupler, the reflection coefficient, , will also change and different amounts of energy will be reflected to the isolated port (note th at the resistances must change together so that is the same for both output ports). a signal applied to the input of the 3db coupler will appear at the isolated port and the amplitude of this signal will be a function of the resistance at the output ports . this circuit is illustrated below: variable attenuator circ uit utilizing a 3db coupler vdc 1 2 input 0.707v ( -3db ) 0.707v -90 ( -3db ) output 4 3 + 0.707v ? -90 + 0.707v ? | + (0.5v 2 -90 + 0.5v 2 -90)| = | + | and | out p ut | = | + | | in p ut | pin diodes if =0, no energy is reflected from the pin di odes and s21 = 0 (input to output). if | | =1, all of the energy is reflected from the pin diodes and |s21| = 1 (assuming the ideal case of no loss). the ideal range for is ?1 to 0 or 0 to 1, which translate to resistances of 0 ? to 50? and 50? to ? respectively. either range can be selected, although normally 0 ? to 50? is easier to achieve in practice and produces better re sults. many papers have been written on this circuit and should be consulted for the details of design and operation. another very similar circuit is a variable phase shifter (illust rated below). the same theory is applied but instead of pin diodes (variable rf resistance), the coupler outputs are term inated with varactors. the ideal varactor is a variable capacitor with the capacitance value changing as a function of the dc bias. ideally, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is 1 for these devices at all bias levels. ho wever, the angle of the reflected signal does change as the capacitance changes with bias level. so, ideally all of the ene rgy applied to port 1, in the circuit illustrated below, will be reflected at the varactor s and will sum at port 2 (the isolat ed port of the coupler). however, the phase angle of the signal will be variable with the dc bias level. in practice, neither the varactors nor the coupler are ideal and both will have some losses. again, many papers have been written on this ci rcuit and should be consulted for the details of design and operation.
model X3C09P1-03S rev b usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. variable phase shifter circuit utilizing a 3db coupler 0.707v ? -90 vdc 1 2 input 0.707v ( -3db ) 0.707v -90 ( -3db ) output 4 3 0.707v ? * | (0.5v 2 -90 + 0.5v 2 -90)| =| | varactor diodes * the phase angle of the signal exiting port 2 will vary with the phase angle of + , which is the reflection angle from the varactor. the varactors must be matc hed so that their reflection coefficients are equal.
` available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432-8909 (800) 411-6596 +44 2392-232392 model X3C09P1-03S rev b packaging and ordering information parts are available in a reel and as loose parts in a b ag. packaging follows eia 481-2 for reels . parts are oriented in tape and reel as shown below. minimum orde r quantities are 2000 per reel and 100 for loose parts.. see model numbers below for further ordering information. xinger coupler frequency (mhz) size (inches) coupling value plating finish x3c 04 = 410-500 07 = 600-900 09 = 800-1000 19 = 1700-2000 21 = 2000-2300 25 = 2300-2500 26 = 2650-2800 35 = 3300-3800 a = 0.56 x 0.35 b = 1.0 x 0.50 e = 0.56 x 0.20 l = 0.65 x 0.48 m= 0.40 x 0.20 p = 0.25 x 0.20 1 = 100 2 = 200 3 = 300 s = immersion tin xxx xx x x - xx x 03 = 3db 05 = 5db 10 = 10db 20 = 20db 30 = 30db power (watts) example: x3c 19 p 1 - 03 s
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